Figure 1: Serum oxidative and antioxidant markers under supplementation with 0.06% GAA and different energy levels (- 25, - 50, and - 75 kcal/kg). P value < 0.05

 

Ingredients/kg

Dietary treatment

Control

-25 kcal DE

-50 kcal DE

-75 kcal DE

Yellow corn

11.99

11.89

11.89

8

Soybean meal

19

21.98

22.48

20

Fish meal

20.83

18

17.9

18.5

Corn gluten

1

1

1

1

Gelatin

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

Oil

1

0.63

0.2

000

Wheat bran

42.45

42.8

42.8

48.77

Min. and vit.

1

1

1

1

Salt

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Vit c

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

Antioxidant

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

Dicalcium phosphate

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

Methionine

0.21

0.21

0.21

0.21

GAA

0.000

0.06

0.06

0.06

Calculated value

 

 

 

 

CP%

32.36

31.94

32.1

32.01

DE

299920.03

297513.2

295257.1

292871.8

Crude fat

7.3

7.09

7.08

7.2

Crude fiber

5.3

5.39

5.42

5.84

Calcium

1.2

1.08

1.08

1.11

Phosphorus

0.57

0.54

0.54

0.56

Ash

7.5

7.14

7.15

7.4
Min. and vit.: vitamin mixture supplies the following per kilogram of diet:: vit. A -1,200.000 IU; vit. D3 - 200,000 IU; vit. E - 12,000 mg; vit. K3 - 2,400 mg; vit. B1 - 4,800 mg; vit. B2 - 4,800 mg; vit. B6 - 4,000 mg; vit. B12 - 4,800 mg; folic acid - 1,200 mg; vit. C - 48,000 mg; biotin - 48 mg; choline- 65;000 mg; niacin - 24,000 mg; Fe - 10,000 mg; Cu - 600 mg; Mg - 4,000 mg; Zn - 6,000 mg; I - 20 mg; Co - 2 mg; Se - 20 mg. CreAMINOŽ: a granulated product, contains a minimum of 96% chemically synthesised GAA as active substance. Glycine (=1.5%), cyanamide (=0.03%), dicyandiamide (=0.5%) and melamine (=0.002%) are impurities arising from the production process.
Table 1: Nutritional Composition of Experimental Diets

Parameters

Control

-25 kcal DE

-50 Kcal DE

-75 kcal DE

Initial weight (g)

21.20±1.78

21.53±1.23

21.20±1.53

21.25±1.57

Final weight (g)

51.55±1.48b

55.48±2.08a

58.74±3.65a

52.40±1.95b

Body weight gain (g)

37.58±1.62a

39.44±1.30a

38.44±1.56a

32.90±0.62b

FCR

2.13±0.055b

2.23±0.067b

2.14±0.083b

2.65±0.051a

SGR

1.47±0.098 b

1.47±0.080 b

1.78±0.16 a

1.49±0.097 b

PER

1.45±0.037 a

1.39±0.041 a

1.43±0.045 a

1.17±0.022 b
abc Means in the same row with the different superscript letter are significantly difference (P < 0.05)
Table 2: Effect of GAA Supplementation with Reduction of Energy Level on Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia Fish

Parameter

Control

-25 energy

-50 energy

-75 energy

CK

4.97±0.79c

14.80±2.52c

54.56±8.29b

72.57±3.52a

T.P

4.15±0.38

4.44±0.52

4.75±0.81

3.92±0.50

Albumin

2.42±0.18

2.56±0.12

2.88±0.66

2.57±0.24

Globulin

1.72±0.30

1.88±0.64

1.86±0.40

1.35±0.32

A/G ratio

1.50±0.26

0.67±0.30

1.71±0.48

1.83±0.54

Glucose

13.49±2.27c

18.02±6.09c

39.07±2.56b

49.41±1.81a

T.G

235.56±5.69b

270.81±7.86ab

281.33±25.95ab

291.00±15.27a

Chol

137.21±8.65c

186.02±7.25ba

220.03±11.75a

200.54±6.25a

Urea

14.76±1.69b

17.84±2.99b

25.16±2.01b

44.51±6.18a

Creatinine

1.38±0.19b

1.60±0.15ab

1.61±0.02ab

1.26±0.01b
abc Means in the same row with the different superscript letter are significantly difference (P < 0.05)
Table 3: Influence of GAA Supplementation and Different Energy Levels on Serum Metabolites of Nile Tilapia Fish